We only ever use Vim at work but many of the students I teach opt for Eclipse-cdt.
That UML Diagram feature for CEDET looks really impressive though. Unfortunately I subscribe to the camp of learning either Vim or Emacs but never both ;)
As for building projects we find manually written Makefiles to be the only solution that works for every platform (such as fiddly build platforms like Windows Metro and iOS) but also often use cmake for development platforms to benefit from header dependency building (for quick code-compile-debug-repeat tasks).
Personally I find the fact that "Clean Solution" in Visual Studio doesn't actually clean up every intermediate file and the fact that upgrades from VS2005 -> VS2012 are very unlikely to work quite unacceptable. For quick disposable test projects where nobody can be bothered to create a proper build system, VS is probably fine (though I personally would still rather copy across a simple makefile).